PART I

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PART I

Status and Trends of Capture Fisheries and Aquaculture in Southeast Asia

I. GLOBAL PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF FISH

Fish and fishery products are among the most important agricultural commodities providing significant contribution to the world’s food security and economic development.

Out of the total value of the global agricultural products reported at US$ 1,168.85 billion in 2009, fish or fishery products accounted for US$ 90.73 billion or about 8% of the total value (WTO, 2010). Aside from its contribution to the world’s economies, fish and fishery products are also important source of protein for people worldwide and represent a significant part of the diets of peoples in many countries. From 2000 to 2009, the global fishery production had continuously increased from about 131.0 million MT to 145.1 million MT (Table 1) while the percentage of the production for human consumption also gradually rose from almost 74% to 81% (Fig. 1). It should however be noted that the increasing trend in total fishery production is mainly due to the increasing contribution from aquaculture sector, while the production from capture fisheries has gradually been declining. With the world’s population increasing from 6.1 billion to 6.8 billion over the same period, the per capita fish consumption has also escalated (Fig. 2) and is expected to continue to rise particularly in the developing countries where the population and demand for food are continuously growing because of increased income and purchasing power for high value and quality food including food fish. In addition, the fishery sector with its ancillary activities which has expanded with increased numbers of people employed, significantly contributes to improved livelihoods and employment opportunities, as well as to the enhanced well-being of millions of peoples including those in the Southeast Asian region.

Table 1. World’s fishery production and utilization from 2000 to 2009

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Production (million MT)

Capture 95.5 92.9 93.2 90.3 92.4 92.1 89.7 89.9 89.7 90.0

Aquaculture 35.5 37.8 39.8 41.9 41.9 44.3 47.4 49.9 52.5 55.1

Total 131.0 130.7 133.0 132.2 134.3 136.4 137.1 139.8 142.3 145.1

Utilization (million MT)

Human consumption 96.8 99.5 100.7 103 104.4 107.3 110.7 112.7 115.1 117.8

Non-food uses 34.2 31.1 32.2 29.2 29.8 29.7 26.3 27.1 27.2 27.3

Population (billions) 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.8

% of production for human

consumption (%) 73.9 76.1 75.7 77.9 77.7 78.7 80.7 80.6 80.9 81.2

Per capita fish consumption (kg) 15.9 16.2 16.2 16.3 16.2 16.5 16.8 16.9 17.1 17.2

Figure 1. Percentage of fishery production used for human consumption from 2000 to 2009

Sources of data: FAO State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2004 and 2010

Figure 2. Global per capita fish consumption (kg/year) from 2000 to 2009

Sources of data: FAO State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2004 and 2010

The global fishery production by continent (Table 2) indicates that production from both capture fisheries and aquaculture during the period from 2000 to 2009 had been increasing at the rate of approximately 1.41 million MT per year. In the like manner, production from the Asian Continent (including Southeast Asia) also increased by

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about 1.96 million MT per year. Specifically in 2009, the Asian Continent remained the world’s largest fish producer contributing about 66% to the world’s total fishery production.

Moreover, the contribution of the Southeast Asian region to the total fishery production in 2009 was about 30% with respect to the Asian Continent’s total production and 20%

to the global fishery production. While the ten-year global fishery production seems to follow an increasing trend, some of the world’s continents such as the Americas and Europe had been providing stable or gradually declining inputs but the contribution from Asia and the Southeast Asian region has continued to be steadily increasing and providing significant contribution to the rising fishery production of the world.

II. FISHERY PRODUCTION OF SOUTHEAST ASIA

The Southeast Asian region (Fig. 3) is bordered by the Andaman Sea and the Indian Ocean on the west, and the western part of the Pacific Ocean on the east. Although the region comprises 11 countries, namely Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Timor-Leste, Thailand

and Vietnam; but, due to the inavailability of fishery statistics and information from Timor-Leste, the scope of this publication would focus mainly on the ten ASEAN Member Countries.

In terms of fishery statistics for both capture fisheries and aquaculture, fishery production of the countries in the Southeast Asian region is reported under FAO Fishing Area 57 (Indian Ocean, Eastern), 71 (Pacific, Western Central), 61 (Pacific, Northwest), and 04 (Asia, Inland Water). Based on such arrangement, the total fishery production of the Southeast Asian region from 2000 to 2009 is compiled by SEAFDEC from inputs of the countries and published in the Fishery Statistical Bulletin for the South China Sea Area 2000-2007 and the Fishery Statistical Bulletin of Southeast Asia 2008-2009, as summarized in Table 3.

The fisheries of the region are by nature tropical, multi- species and multi-gears, and involve large numbers of fishers and farmers mostly engaged in small-scale fishing operations and aquaculture practices. Indonesia consistently remains the highest producer of fish and fishery products from 2000 to 2009 with an average annual production increase of almost one-half of a million MT (Fig. 4). Vietnam which also recorded an increasing production trend of about 280,000 MT per year ranked the

Table 2. Fishery production by continent from 2000 to 2009 (million MT)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

World 131.0 130.7 133.0 132.2 134.3 136.4 137.1 139.8 142.3 145.1

Africa 7.3 7.7 7.6 8.0 8.2 8.4 7.9 8.1 8.4 8.3

Americas 27.6 25.2 26.4 23.2 27.9 26.5 25.1 24.6 24.5 23.6

Asia* 59.4 60.5 61.2 62.3 59.0 60.6 62.1 64.3 65.4 67.0

Southeast Asia** 16.9 17.6 18.9 20.3 21.2 23.0 24.5 25.3 27.2 28.9

Europe 18.6 18.4 17.6 17.0 16.4 16.2 15.9 15.9 15.4 15.9

Oceania 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.4

* Excludes Southeast Asia

** Sources: Fishery Statistical Bulletin for the South China Sea Area (SEAFDEC, 2000-2009) and Fishery Statistical Bulletin of Southeast Asia (SEAFDEC 2010, 2011)

Source of other data: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service

Table 3. Total fishery production of the Southeast Asian countries from 2000 to 2009 (MT)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Brunei Darussalam 2,577 1,575 2,152 2,160 3,133 3,103 3,100 3,227 2,747 2,418

Cambodia 298,798 441,200 424,432 390,657 343,492 546,000 661,542 525,100 536,320 515,000

Indonesia 5,120,490 5,409,504 5,515,648 5,915,989 6,005,622 6,646,965 7,183,586 7,510,767 9,054,873 10,064,140

Lao PDR 71,000 81,000 93,000 95,000 95,000 107,800 107,800 91,660 93,500 105,000

Malaysia 1,457,139* 1,411,740 1,467,486 1,483,957 1,537,988* 1,421,403* 1,644,527* 1,654,221 1,753,310* 1,870,000*

Myanmar 1,309,830 1,474,460 1,606,240 1,987,020 2,148,580 2,581,780 2,817,990 2,808,037 3,147,605 3,491,103 Philippines 2,993,332** 3,166,528** 3,369,524 3,619,282 3,926,173 4,161,870** 4,408,472** 4,711,252** 4,966,889** 4,079,977**

Singapore 9,984 7,784 7,795 7,109 7,579 7,837 11,675 8,026 5,141 5,687

Thailand 3,713,248 3,648,429 3,797,014 3,914,025 4,137,066 4,132,826 4,051,824 3,675,382 3,204,200 3,137,672 Vietnam 1,961,145 2,009,623 2,647,407 2,859,200 2,944,030 3,397,200 3,656,152 4,315,500 4,559,720 4,782,400 Total 16,937,296 17,621,843 18,930,761 20,274,399 21,147,665 22,987,784 24,501,878 25,302,872 27,207,826 28,917,096 Sources: Fishery Statistical Bulletin for the South China Sea Area (SEAFDEC, 2000-2009) and Fishery Statistical Bulletin of Southeast Asia (SEAFDEC 2010, 2011)

* Updated figures provided by Fisheries Management Information Division, DoF Malaysia; but not used for the calculation of total production.

** Updated figures provided by the Philippine Bureau of Agricultural Statistics,Department of Agriculture; but not used for the calculation of total production.

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Figure 4. Fishery production of Southeast Asia by country

Table 4. Fishery production (quantity and value) of Southeast Asia by sub-sector in 2009

Sub-sector Quantity

(MT) Value

(US$ 1000) Value (US$/MT) Marine Capture Fisheries 14,140,387 10,416,661 737.00 Inland Capture Fisheries 2,397,273 2,834,477 1,182.00

Aquaculture 12,379,436 15,964,173 1,290.00

Total 28,917,096 29,215,311

Source: Fishery Statistical Bulletin of Southeast Asia (SEAFDEC, 2011)

Figure 3. Map of Southeast Asia (above) with corresponding FAO Fishing Areas (below)

second with Myanmar and Philippines having production growth of about 200,000 MT per year placing third and fourth, respectively. Although Thailand’s production was second after Indonesia in 2000, its production went through a see-saw pattern during the ten-year period until 2009 that landed the country into the fifth place in terms of total fishery production. From an increasing production growth of about 85,000 MT per year from 2000 to 2004, the fishery production of Thailand decreased from 2005 until 2009 at an average rate of about 200,000 MT per year.

The fishery production of Malaysia also encountered ups and downs during the same ten-year period.

Fishery production of the Southeast Asian region comes from three sub-sectors, namely marine capture fisheries, inland capture fisheries, and aquaculture.

Table 4 which shows the total fishery production of the region by sub-sector in 2009 indicates that the largest portion of the production is derived from marine capture fisheries accounting for approximately 49% followed by aquaculture of about 43%, and inland fisheries 8% (Fig.

5). While marine fisheries contribute the largest volume of production, its production value which accounts for 36% of the total production value only comes next to aquaculture which contributes approximately 54% and that of inland capture fisheries was about 10%. While the value per metric ton of aquaculture production was about US$ 1,290/MT that of marine capture fishery production was only about US$ 740/MT.

III. MARINE CAPTURE FISHERIES PRODUCTION OF SOUTHEST ASIA

While the trend of the global marine capture fishery production seems to have slightly declined from 2000 to 2009 (Fig. 6), the production trend of the Southeast Asian region had been increasing at the rate of approximately 251,100 MT per year. In 2009, the Southeast Asian region contributed about 18% to the world’s global production from marine capture fisheries.

Figure 5. Percentage of Southeast Asia’s fishery production by sub-sector in 2009 (left: by quantity; right: by value)

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The marine capture fishery production of the Southeast Asian countries in 2000-2009 (Table 5) indicated that Indonesia which is the largest producer accounting for 34% of the total production of the region in 2009. The Philippines which emerged as the second largest producer of the region contributed 17% to the total production of the region. After Indonesia and Philippines come Vietnam accounting for about 15% of the total production, Myanmar at 13%, Thailand at about 11%, and Malaysia at

Table 5. Production volume from marine capture fisheries in Southeast Asia by country from 2000 to 2009 (MT)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Brunei Darussalam 2,464 1,476 2,044 1,985 2,425 2,709 2,279 2,551 2,357 1,958

Cambodia 3,600 4,200 45,882 55,607 55,817 60,000 60,500 54,900 66,000 75,000

Indonesia 3,807,191 3,966,480 4,073,506 4,383,103 4,320,241 4,408,499 4,512,191 4,734,280 4,701,933 4,789,410

Lao PDR … … … … … … … … … …

Malaysia 1,285,696* 1,231,275 1,272,078 1,283,256 1,331,645 1,209,601 1,371,733* 1,381,424 1,394,531 1,393,226*

Myanmar 949,670 1,026,460 1,060,250 1,132,340 1,220,030 1,375,670 1,525,000 1,485,740 1,679,010 1,867,510 Philippines 1,740,309** 1,809,727 1,899,487 2,031,487 2,067,128 2,122,216 2,154,802 2,328,149** 2,377,514 2,413,863**

Singapore 5,371 3,342 2,769 2,085 2,173 1,920 3,103 3,522 1,623 2,121

Thailand 2,773,665 2,631,702 2,643,711 2,651,223 2,635,969 2,615,565 2,484,803 2,079,351 1,644,800 1,496,162 Vietnam 1,280,590 1,481,175 1,575,640 1,647,482 1,745,413 1,791,100 1,816,100 1,987,400 1,946,600 2,098,300 Total 11,880,478 12,196,637 12,575,367 13,188,568 13,380,841 13,586,961 13,938,748 14,056,985 13,814,368 14,140,387 Sources: Fishery Statistical Bulletin for the South China Sea Area (SEAFDEC, 2000-2009) and Fishery Statistical Bulletin of Southeast Asia (SEAFDEC 2010, 2011)

** Updated figures provided by the Philippine Bureau of Agricultural Statistics,Department of Agriculture; but not used for the calculation of total production.

Table 6. Production value from marine capture fisheries in Southeast Asia by country from 2000 to 2009 (US$ Million)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Brunei Darussalam … … … … … … … 8 7 5

Cambodia … … … … … … … … … 111

Indonesia 1,810 2,225 2,896 2,927 3,164 3,726 4,106 4,868 4,957 1,687

Lao PDR … … … … … … … … … …

Malaysia 1,158* 1,096* 1,107* 1,056 1,103* 1,087* 1,343* 1,464* 1,667* 1,833*

Myanmar … … … … … … … … 1,585 3,081

Philippines 1,445 1,322 1,444 1,459 1,597 1,681 1,997 2,452 2,811 2,650**

Singapore 11 7 6 6 6 6 111.5 14.3 8.6 10.4

Thailand 1,230 1,197 1,346 1,545 1,535 1,533 1,629 1,586 1,276 1,244

Vietnam … 924 875 964 … … … … … …

Total 5,723 6,771 7,676 7,958 7,405 8,094 9,091 10,421 12,336 10,417

Sources: Fishery Statistical Bulletin for the South China Sea Area (SEAFDEC, 2000-2009) and Fishery Statistical Bulletin of Southeast Asia (SEAFDEC 2010, 2011)

** Updated figure provided by the Philippine Bureau of Agricultural Statistics,Department of Agriculture; but not used for the calculation of total production.

about 9% of the total production. Moreover, the volumes of the marine capture fishery production of Cambodia, Singapore and Brunei Darussalam represent less than 1.0%

of the region’s total production while Lao PDR does not produce any marine aquatic products being a landlocked country.

As mentioned earlier, the trend of marine capture fisheries production in the Southeast Asian region has been increasing from 2000 to 2009 at an average increase of about 251,000 MT per year. The countries that contribute to the increasing production trend include Indonesia, Myanmar, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia and Cambodia while in the case of Thailand although its production in 2000 was 2,773,665 MT it had some traces of ups and downs in certain years and finally decreased to 1,496,162 MT in 2009. Only small amount of production from capture marine fisheries had been reported by Singapore and Brunei Darussalam.

Specifically, Indonesia’s increased production of 14 major groups of marine species that include marine fishes nei

Figure 6. Global trend in marine capture fisheries production (* Asia excludes Southeast Asia)

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(Osteichthyes), scad nei (Decapterus spp.), skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), short mackerel (Rastelliger brachysoma), stelophorus anchovies (Stelophorus spp.), kawakawa (Euthynnus affinis), goldstripe sardinella (Sardinella gibbosa), yellowstripe scad (Selaroides leptolepis), Bali sardinella (Sardinella lemuru), and frigate tuna (Auxis thazard) among others, had contributed to the country’s overall increasing production trend. On the other hand, although production from marine capture fisheries of Myanmar and Vietnam had not been classified by species, both countries recorded escalating production trend of marine fishes nei (Osteichthyes). In the case of Myanmar, its production is mainly from Area 57 in the Eastern Indian Ocean, while for Vietnam its production comes from Area 71 in the Western Central Pacific Ocean. For the Philippines, increased production of six major groups of marine species that include sardinellas nei (Sardinella spp.), skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), scad nei (Decapterus spp.), yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), frigate tuna (Auxis thazard), and bigeye scad (Selar crumenophthalmus) among others, contributed to the country’s rising production from marine capture fisheries.

Table 7. Production from marine capture fisheries of the Southeast Asian countries by species groups in 2009 Major species

groups

Quantity (MT) Value

(US$

1000) Brunei

Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Total Shads, milkfish,

barramudi, etc. 2 … 87,520 16,773 … 3,553 25 54 … 107,927 42,075

Flounders, halibuts, soles, etc.

9 … 28,930 6,891 … 920 … 6,537 … 43,287 39,906

Red fishes, basses, congers, etc.

1 … 127,980 47,878 … 13,619 96 31,685 … 221,259 108,611

Jack, mullets,

sauries, etc. 156 … 791,190 176,736 … 346,167 501 124,756 … 1,439,506 924,786

Herrings, sardines,

anchovies, etc. 291 … 569,570 26,024 … 560,739 43 101,608 … 1,258,275 587,971

Tunas 182 … 925,660 56,012 … 612,008 2 47,490 … 1,641,354 1,218,040

Mackerels 578 … 1,258,490 409,517 … 699,498 243 401,564 … 2,769,890 1,990,401

Sharks and rays 87 … 98,750 26,278 … 14,354 278 18,105 … 157,852 174,101

Misc. fishes 493 55,460 401,607 412,878 1,867,510 16,920 460 543,077 1,572,100 4,870,505 3,548,806

Crabs 2 … 69,320 … … 31,241 32 25,270 … 125,865 156,171

Lobsters 0.3 … 11,500 805 … 293 11 1,006 … 13,615 20,367

Shrimps, prawns,

etc. 103 … 139,750 29,264 … 41,511 52,084 … 262,712 508,306

Misc. crustaceans 0.3 5,013 96,160 73,137 … 5,982 332 5,170 127,300 313,094 5,679

Oysters … … 333 … … … … … … 333 712

Mussels … … 520 … … 29 … … … 549 1,570

Cockles, clams,

etc. … … 71,790 23,746 … 361 … 16,295 … 112,192 141,301

Cuttlefish, squids,

etc. 51 … 100,680 81,136 … 70,361 97 112,815 … 365,140 929,808

Mollusks … 14,527 3,060 … … … … 4,681 … 22,268 3,902

Invertebrates 0.1 … 6,600 4,013 … 1,282 3,965 398,900 414,760 14,148

Total 1,958 75,000 4,789,410 1,393,226* 1,867,510 2,418,838 2,121 1,496,162 2,098,300 14,140,387 10,416,661 Source: Fishery Statistical Bulletin of Southeast Asia (SEAFDEC, 2011)

Although some Southeast Asian countries did not report the value of their production from marine capture fisheries, the total value of the region’s marine capture fishery production from 2000 to 2008 seemed to have increased corresponding to the increasing trend of the volume of production, but eventually dropped in 2009 (Table 6). This could have been due to the drastic drop of the production values of Indonesia and Philippines during the same year.

Although Myanmar reported the value of its production only in 2008 and 2009, such value increased by almost 200% between these two years.

While production from marine capture fisheries of Indonesia especially from 2008 to 2009 appears to have been increasing, the value of its production during the same period decreased by about 60%, which could be due to the decreasing values of the production of major species that ranged from 86% for marine species nei, 83%

for barramundi (Lates calcarifer) and scad nei (Decapterus spp.), 81% for skipjack tuna, 80% for narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson), 78%

for snappers nei (Lutjanus spp.), 77% for longtail tuna

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(Thunnus tonggol), and 73% for yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) among others.

In the case of the Philippines, while its production from marine capture fisheries also increased from 2008 to 2009, the corresponding values decreased by about US$ 500 million in 2009. This could have been brought about by a notable decrease in value of about 89% in marine fishes nei followed by slight decreases by 11 to 17% of the values of Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta), skipjack tuna, yellowfin tuna, and scad nei (Decapterus spp.).

Specifically for 2009, production from marine capture fisheries of the Southeast Asian countries classified into species groups and reported in terms of quantity and value (Table 7), indicated that about 34% of the volume of the total marine capture production are from “Miscellaneous Fishes” although such volume was not recorded at more detailed species level. However, for some species that have been classified into major groups, the largest volume was provided by “Mackerels” followed by “Tunas”, “Jack, mullets, sauries”, and “Herrings, sardines, anchovies”.

For the non-fish groups, the largest volume was derived from “Cuttlefishes, squids” followed by “Miscellaneous crustaceans” and “Shrimp, prawns”.

However, the highest value of the production per metric ton was that of the mussels at US$ 2,850/MT which were mainly produced by Indonesia and small quantity by the Philippines. This was followed by “Cuttlefishes, squids” at US$ 2,545/MT produced mainly by Indonesia and Thailand; oysters at US$ 2,140/MT from Indonesia;

“Shrimp, prawns” at US$ 1,935/MT from Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines and Malaysia; lobsters at US$

1,495/MT mainly from Indonesia and Thailand; crabs at US$ 1,240/MT from Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand;

and sharks and rays at US$ 1,100/MT from Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand.

3.1 Tunas

Tuna species which are important commercial fishery resources in the exclusive economic zones (EEZs) of the countries in Southeast Asia are taxonomically grouped into the family Scrombridae comprising about 50 species. The important tuna species in the region, in terms of production quantity and value, that are caught include the skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), bigeye tuna (T. obesus), albacore tuna (T.

alalunga), bluefin tuna (T. thynnus, T. orientalis, and T.

macoyii), and the tuna-like species such as the long-tail tuna (T. tonggol), frigate tuna (Auxis thazard), bullet tuna (A. rochei), and kawakawa (Euthynnus affinis).

As of 2009, only six countries, namely: Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand could provide their respective tuna production statistics by species and by gear type, while Cambodia, Myanmar and Vietnam, although generally known to be engaged to a certain extent in tuna fisheries, could not provide their respective current tuna statistics (Table 8).

Thus for the Southeast Asian region, the volume of tuna production in 2009 was about 6% of the region’s total fishery production and in terms of value, it contributed about 4%.

However, the region’s tuna production accounts for about 12% in terms of volume of the region’s production from marine capture fisheries and also about 12% in terms of value. Indonesia is the leading tuna producer contributing about 56% of the region’s total tuna production with the Philippines coming next contributing about 37%, and then Malaysia and Thailand with more than 3%. Furthermore, although skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) provided the highest production accounting for more than 34% of the total tuna production of the region, in terms of value bullet tuna (Auxis rochei) ranks first at US$ 1,245/MT (Table 9) followed by the southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus

Table 8. Tuna production of Southeast Asia by country and by species in 2009 Common name Scientific name

Quantity (MT) Brunei

Darussalam Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand All countries

Frigate tuna Auxis thazard 0.03 135,200 1,837* 152,338 ... ... 287,538.03

Bullet tuna Auxis rochei ... 5,310 ... ... ... ... 5,310.00

Kawakawa Euthynnus affinis 55 189,260 19,123* 49,973 ... 22,177 282,424.60

Skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis 80 300,740 4,460 251,524 2 7,532 564,338.29

Long-tail tuna Thunnus tonggol 47 98,920 27,569* ... ... 14,106 140,634.31

Albacore tuna Thunnus alalunga ... 37,380 203 ... ... 24 37,607.00

Southern bluefin tuna Thunnus maccoyii ... 800 ... ... ... ... 800.00

Yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares ... 103,390 1,403 152,437 ... 1,189 258,419.00

Bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus ... 54,660 1,837* 5,736 ... 2,462 64,283.00

Total 182 925,660 56,432* 612,008 2 47,490 1,641,354.23

* Updated figures provided by Fisheries Management Information Division, DoF Malaysia.

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maccoyii) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) which is mainly produced by the Philippines. Frigate tuna (Auxis thazard) which ranks second in terms of tuna production in the region contributed about 18% to the region’s tuna production but in terms of average value this species ranks only fourth at US$ 825/MT.

In terms of FAO Fishing Area, the region’s tuna production in 2009 mostly came from FAO Fishing Area 57 (Indian Ocean, Western) and Area 71 (Pacific, Western Central) although production figures are mostly based on landings but not on fishing areas. In 2009, the average value of the total tuna production from Fishing Area 71 was about US$ 984 million accounting for 81% of the region’s total tuna production value while the average value of production from Fishing Area 57 was about US$ 234 million providing the remaining 19%.

The species coming from Area 71 providing the highest production value is skipjack tuna followed by yellowfin tuna, frigate tuna, and kawakawa, while for Area 57 the species that provided the highest production value is kawakawa followed by frigate tuna and skipjack.

3.2 Sharks and Rays

In contrast with the tuna species, sharks and rays may not be considered as among the major marine fishery

commodities of the Southeast Asian region. The species have been considered as non-target species of artisanal small-scale capture fisheries. Generally, landings of sharks, rays and skates comprise only a small percentage of the production from marine fisheries in the Southeast Asian region. Based on available data, production of sharks and rays by type of fishing gears indicated substantial amounts of sharks and rays caught by purse seine, gill net, hook and line, and trawl (SEAFDEC, 2006). In addition, small amount of sharks and rays was also caught by other gears such as traps, seine net, lift-net and push/scoop net but their catches were not significant in terms of quantity. However, it is widely known that the region has the highest diversity of species of sharks and rays, and that several species had been proposed for listing in the Appendices of the CITES during the past decade. Therefore, the compilation of fishery statistics on sharks and rays has become necessary in order to come up with a real picture of the resources in the region, but considering the dearth of information and data on production of sharks and rays in the region, information derived from relevant technical reports especially those that emanate from various relevant R&D activities on sharks and rays should also be availed of.

Based on the data from 2000 to 2009 reported in the SEAFDEC Fishery Statistical Bulletin of Southeast Asia, production of sharks and rays could range from 122,000 to 184,000 MT/year while the total marine capture fishery

Table 9. Total tuna production of Southeast Asia by FAO Fishing Area and by species in 2009

Common name Scientific name Quantity (MT) Total (MT)

All areas Value

(US$ 1000) Ave Value (US$/MT) Fishing Area 57 Fishing Area 71

Frigate tuna Auxis thazard 55,170 232,368 287,538 237,449 825

Bullet tuna Auxis rochei 4,460 850 5,310 6,599 1,245

Kawakawa Euthynnus affinis 97,280 185,145 282,425 197,504 700

Skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis 63,782 500,556 564,338 336,390 600

Long-tail tuna Thunnus tonggol 36,821 103,813 140,634 84,789 600

Albacore tuna Thunnus alalunga 9,467 28,140 37,607 20,260 540

Southern bluefin tuna Thunnus maccoyii 800 … 800 990 1,240

Yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares 26,183 232,236 258,419 293,437 1,135

Bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus 20,217 44,066 64,283 40,622 630

Total 314,180 1,327,174 1,641,354 1,218,040 740

Table 10. Contribution of sharks and rays to the total marine capture fisheries production of the Southeast Asian region from 2000 to 2009 (MT)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Total marine capture

fishery production 11,880,478 12,196,637 12,575,367 13,188,568 13,380,841 13,586,961 13,938,748 14,056,985 13,814,368 14,140,387 Production of sharks

and rays 167,459 165,551 166,543 184,382 167,604 150,811 155,941 148,932 128,262 122,381

Contribution of sharks and rays

(%) 1.41 1.36 1.33 1.40 1.25 1.11 1.12 1.06 0.93 0.86

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production of Southeast Asia in 2009 was 14,140,000 MT.

This means that less than 1.0% of the total production in 2009 was contributed by sharks and rays (Table 10). Specifically, the landings contribute only 1.6% for Malaysia (Ahmad, 2011), 2.2% for Indonesia (Faizah, 2011), and 0.7% for Thailand (Ratanawalee, 2011).

For sharks, the highest producer is Indonesia followed by Malaysia. Although Thailand was also a top producer of sharks in the early 2000s, its production started to decline in 2004 (Table 11). Likewise for rays, the main producer is Indonesia followed by Malaysia with Thailand’s production declining since 2004 (Table 12). Production of the Philippines for both species had also been considerably high. However, records have shown that the overall production of sharks and rays of the region had been slightly decreasing. Even if some countries in this region such as Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, and Philippines, have recorded considerable production volume of sharks and rays, only Indonesia was able to report the production of sharks and rays at genus, family and order level as shown in Table 13. The other countries reported only the production by major species groups, which could be

mainly due to limited ability of local officers in identifying the species of sharks and rays.

In terms of value, Indonesia’s production of sharks in 2009 was valued at US$ 12,979,000 or at an average value of about US$ 315/MT, while for rays the total value was US$

11,030,000 or an average value of about US$ 250/MT. As for Malaysia, the value of its production of rays was US$

23,164,000 or an average value of US$ 1,540/MT although the production value of sharks was not reported. Likewise for Thailand, the value of its production of rays was US$

4,736,000 or at an average value of about US$ 760/MT.

Despite the small contribution from sharks and rays to the total fishery production of the region, these commodities provide significant incomes for traditional fishers and serve as cheap source of protein for poor people in remote areas as well as coastal communities. Many products for human consumption could be derived from sharks and rays such as meat (fresh, frozen, smoked, salted) and fins (for the famous fishery product such as the shark fins). Other valuable products include oil (for cosmetics, squalene, pharmaceuticals, lubricants), skin (for food, leather goods,

Table 11. Production of sharks of the Southeast Asian countries from 2000 to 2009 (MT)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Cambodia … … … … … … … … … …

Indonesia 68,366 65,860 56,906 58,100 50,967 43,306 55,944 57,462 43,625 40,950

Lao PDR ... … … … … … … … … …

Malaysia 7,948 8,663 8,226 8,696 8,299 9,165 7,878* 7,684 7,346* 7,252*

Myanmar … … … … … … … … … …

Philippines 2,071 2,681 2,682 3,021 2,977 2,440 2,765 2,638 2,380 2,635

Singapore 43 32 30 17 31 23 38 42 17 20

Thailand 11,039 11,146 13,918 14,409 10,155 7,751 6,082 5,000 2,834 2,826

Vietnam … … … … … … … … … …

Total 89,467 88,382 81,672 84,243 72,429 62,685 72,639 72,850 56,186 53,681

Table 12. Production of rays of the Southeast Asian countries from 2000 to 2009 (MT)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Cambodia … … … … … .. … … … …

Indonesia 45,260 44,451 49,492 59,459 57,977 56,731 54,584 51,077 47,609 44,660

Lao PDR … … … … … … … … … …

Malaysia 16,573 16,532 15,941 19,253 16,754 15,929 16,046* 14,079 15,642* 15,091*

Myanmar … … … … … … … … … …

Philippines 2,248 2,867 2,986 3,156 2,799 2,308 2,544 2,560 2,370 2,591

Singapore 261 187 162 140 154 164 195 180 117 143

Thailand 13,650 13,132 16,290 18,131 17,491 12,994 10,133 8,116 6,245 6,219

Vietnam … … … … … … … … … …

Total 77,992 77,169 84,871 100,139 95,175 88,126 83,302 76,082 72,076 68,700

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sand paper, etc.), cartilage (pharmaceuticals), teeth and jaw (souvenir items, accessories), and rostrum of sawfishes (for religious relics, traditional medicines, souvenirs, implements for cock fighting, etc.). Although the economic value of sharks and rays is also low compared with other marine aquatic species, but over the years, human exploitation of sharks and rays species has substantially increased worldwide, threatening the populations of the said species.

It should also be noted that, the products from sharks and rays in the region are mostly intended for export and are prepared in several forms such as shark fins, dried, salted,

unsalted or preserved, salted and in brine but not dried or smoked; shark liver oil, fresh or chilled, and frozen. The total volume sharks and rays exported and the total value of the export from the Southeast Asian countries from 1986 to 2006 are shown in Fig. 7.

IV. PRODUCTION FROM INLAND CAPTURE FISHERIES OF SOUTHEAST ASIA

In the Southeast Asian region, inland fisheries are generally characterized as small-scale, multi-species and multi-gear, involving large numbers of small-scale and subsistence fishers with large portion of the catch utilized directly for household consumption. In 2009, the total production from inland fisheries in the region accounted for approximately 8% of the region’s total fishery production. Based on the production statistics reported by the countries of the Southeast Asian region from 2000 to 2009 in terms of volume and values as shown Table 14 and Table 15, respectively, seven countries, namely:

Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, and Thailand were able to report the values of their respective production from inland capture fisheries.

The remaining countries at this stage could not yet report their corresponding production values from inland capture fisheries.

Over the past ten years, the Southeast Asian production from inland capture fisheries has been slightly increasing,

Table 13. Production of sharks and rays by species and by fishing area of some Southeast Asian countries in 2009 (MT) English Name Scientific Name Fishing Area Indonesia’s

Production (MT) Malaysia’s

Production (MT) Thailand’s

Production (MT) Philippines’s Production (MT)

Thresher shark Alopias spp. 57 6,230

Thresher shark Alopias spp. 71 2,430

Hammerhead sharks Sphyrna spp. 57 1,410

Hammerhead sharks Sphyrna spp. 71 2,060

Dogfish sharks Squalus spp. 57 2,150

Dogfish sharks Squalus spp. 71 2,500

Mackerel sharks Laminidae 57 140

Mackerel sharks Laminidae 71 530

Requiem sharks Carcharhinidae 57 2,550

Requiem sharks Carcharhinidae 71 20,950

Sawfishes Pristidae 57 10

Sharks nei Sharks 7,252* 2,826 2,635

Sting rays Dasyastis spp. 57 11,600

Sting rays Dasyastis spp. 71 24,270

Rays, mantas Rajiformes 57 - 4,663* 3,141

Rays, mantas Rajiformes 71 - 10,427* 3,078 2,591

Eagle rays Myliobatis spp. 57 1,100

Eagle rays Myliobatis spp. 71 2,500

Manta rays Mobula spp. 57 170

Manta rays Mobula spp. 71 5,110

* Updated figures provided by Fisheries Management Information Division, DoF Malaysia.

Figure 7. Export volume of sharks and rays by types of products from Southeast Asia in 2006

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which could have been brought about by many factors that include improvement in the national statistics collection systems and mechanisms. Nevertheless, it should be considered that large portions of the catch from inland capture fisheries are directly utilized for household consumption without proper recording and reporting. At this point in time, it is therefore difficult to estimate the actual trend of the production from inland capture fisheries in the region based only on the current available statistics.

Thus, the contribution of inland capture fisheries to the total fisheries production of the Southeast Asian region could not be confirmed in view of the insufficient data from the countries. However, among the Southeast Asian countries, Myanmar, Indonesia, and Cambodia are the top producers from inland capture fisheries (Table 16).

Nonetheless, it should be noted that the contribution of Lao PDR to the region’s total production from capture fisheries is significantly high considering that all its production from capture fisheries is derived from inland fisheries.

The production of Cambodia from inland capture fisheries represents 84% of its total capture fishery production and 76% of the country’s total fishery production. On the other hand, the production of Myanmar from inland capture fisheries represents 33% of its total capture fishery production and 26% of the country’s total fishery production. Overall, the contribution of the Southeast Asian countries’ inland capture fisheries production to the

Table 14. Production volume from inland capture fisheries of the Southeast Asian countries from 2000 to 2009 (MT)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Cambodia 245,600 360,000 360,300 308,750 250,00 444,000 559,642 420,000 430,600 390,000

Indonesia 318,334 310,240 304,989 308,693 330,880 297,370 293,921 310,457 497,740 494,630

Lao PDR … … … … ... 29,800 29,800 28,410 29,200 30,000

Malaysia 3,549 3,446 3,565 3,828 4,119 4,583 4,164 4,283 4,353 4,469

Myanmar 238,210 254,880 289,940 454,320 502,550 631,120 718,000 717,640 814,740 899,430

Philippines 152,121* 136,347 131,644 133,292 142,019 143,806 161,394* 168,277* 181,678* 188,722*

Thailand 201,500 202,500 198,700 198,400 199,600 198,800 214,000 225,600 228,600 245,500

Vietnam 170,00 243,583 226,958 208,623 … 138,800 152,325 133,600 144,800 144,800

Total 1,159,544 1,510,996 1,516,096 1,615,906 1,179,168 1,888,279 2,136,933 2,008,301 2,329,524 2,397,273 Sources: Fishery Statistical Bulletin for the South China Sea Area (SEAFDEC, 2000-2009) and Fishery Statistical Bulletin of Southeast Asia (SEAFDEC 2010, 2011)

* Updated figures provided by the Philippine Bureau of Agricultural Statistics,Department of Agriculture; but not used for the calculation of total production.

Table 15. Production value from inland capture fisheries of the Southeast Asian countries from 2000 to 2009 (US$ 1000)

Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Cambodia … … … … … … … … 255,500 334,845

Indonesia 155,472 189,590 237,888 257,779 268,990 323,827 264,372 368,247 521,019 616,640

Lao PDR … … … … … … … 215,708 240,334 93,168

Malaysia … … 6,316* 6,316* 7,632* 8,446* 8,470* 9,855* 11,556* 11,014*

Myanmar … … … … … … … … 788,325 1,349,145

Philippines 59,285 57,022 64,518 66,029 80,442 84,077 101,477 125,464 145,912 164,252**

Thailand 174,920 157,072 145,038 170,236 184,658 194,859 222,573 266,740 254,057 273,290

Total 389,677 403,684 453,861 500,658 541,901 611,950 596,877 985,172 2,215,437 2,834,477

Sources: Fishery Statistical Bulletin for the South China Sea Area (SEAFDEC, 2000-2009) and Fishery Statistical Bulletin of Southeast Asia (SEAFDEC 2010, 2011)

** Updated figure provided by the Philippine Bureau of Agricultural Statistics,Department of Agriculture; but not used for the calculation of total production.

region’s total capture fishery production is 15% and to the region’s total fishery production at about 8%.

As for the inland capture fisheries production of Indonesia, about 38% is contributed by Mystacoleucos padangensis of the family Cyprinidae, about 13% by freshwater fishes nei, 6% by striped snakehead (Chana striata), 4% by Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), another 4% by snakeskin gourami (Trichogaster pectoralis), and the rest by the various species of freshwater fishes, crustaceans and mollusks. In terms of value, Indonesia’s production of the giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) is valued at US$ 5,745/MT although its volume of production was only 7,310 MT in 2009. The second highest valued species is the striped snakehead at US$ 2,100/MT followed by snakeskin gourami at US$ 1,365/MT, freshwater fishes nei at US$ 1,135/MT and Nile tilapia at US$ 1,075/MT.

The value of its production of Mystacoleucos padangensis was US$ 430/MT.

In the case of Thailand, the main inland capture fishery species produced was classified as freshwater fishes nei contributing about 33% of the country’s total production from inland fisheries followed by Nile tilapia at 20%, silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus) at 18%, striped snakehead at 8%, and the rest by the other freshwater fishes, crustaceans and mollusks. While the average value of freshwater fishes nei was US$ 730/MT, striped